An initiative of ProtectDefenders.eu, the EU Human Rights Defenders Mechanism implemented by international civil society
Human rights defenders have the right to carry out their legitimate work safely and to access support and protection when they are at risk, especially those who operate in the most difficult contexts. Their right to defend rights has been systematically enshrined by the European Union in its political guidelines, and statements, as well as in its financial programming and external actions. In fact, the European Union is a leading actor in the promotion and protection of human rights in the world and it is regarded by the human rights defenders’ community as an invaluable source of empowerment and legitimacy.
Human rights defenders often carry out their work at great personal risk, and increasingly face killings, attacks, threats, and acts of intimidation because of their peaceful activities, in addition to being subjected to repression, restrictive legislation, and judicial harassment. For these at-risk human rights defenders, the possibility of accessing a visa to a European territory emerges as an essential security and protection tool, which empowers them to carry out their activities in their countries in a more secure and protected way. Visas and multiple-entry visas are widely regarded by the international human rights defenders community as a vital element of a comprehensive security strategy, one that enables defenders to consider the possibility to move in and out of their country in a way that allows them to manage the level of risk that they face as a result of their work, and to continue to work in their communities without forcing them to resort to permanent asylum paths when facing aggravated threats. However, despite political commitments and existing guidelines, the EU and its member states’ stated support for human rights defenders is not consistent with the current EU visa policies and practices, as human rights defenders at risk around the world lack consistent procedures to effectively and predictably access visas for the EU territory.
The community in support of human rights defenders, including the Consortium of organisations implementing the European Union Human Rights Defenders mechanism ProtectDefenders.eu, have systematically noted and documented with great concern the numerous, diverse, and blatant obstacles for defenders to access EU visas. ProtectDefenders.eu – which has supported 45,000+ human rights defenders and civil society organisations to continue their work in the most difficult situations since 2015 – encounters these obstacles also in relation to its daily operations delivering EU-funded programmes of practical support for human rights defenders. Every day, human rights defenders face an array of impediments that hinder their access to this essential security and protection tool, preventing them from accessing safe haven when necessary, as well as from engaging in existing opportunities for rest and respite and temporary relocation programmes, or carrying out essential international advocacy, mobilisation, or networking activities in the EU territory.
This lack of reliable, predictable, and coherent access for human rights defenders to EU visas unnecessarily aggravates the risk, isolation, and vulnerability they face as a result of their work – which is exacerbated for those defenders belonging to particularly threatened groups – such as women human rights defenders, LGBTI rights defenders, or indigenous rights defenders; for those facing spurious criminalisation processes aimed at impeding their mobility, or for those without secure access to basic travel documents. Major crises affecting human rights defenders and massive backlash against civil society notoriously reveal the gap in the effective implementation of the EU political commitments and guidelines related to visas, as recently illustrated by the demand for support from those human rights defenders and civil society members in Afghanistan in need of urgent evacuation. A more predictable, coordinated, and consistent policy on visas for human rights defenders – allowing for flexible and reactive protocols in critical situations, would reportedly have avoided, or at least mitigated the deficiencies of the EU response, or lack thereof.
With the exception of the positive examples of current good practices and initiatives implemented by some Member States, European institutions, or political actors in the EU, the EU as a whole has yet to make a serious effort to mainstream access to at-risk human rights defenders in their visa policies. The current legislative instruments and established practices fail to comply with the consistency required for the Union’s actions enshrined in the EU Treaties and attest to a lack of harmonisation, effort-sharing, and coordination among both the Member States and the European institutions.
ProtectDefenders.eu and the international civil society organisations participating in this initiative are convinced that with political will and clear guidelines, the EU can and should return to its political mandate in favour of human rights and human rights defenders, and lead on the implementation of concrete initiatives, good practises, and policy changes to ensure that at-risk human rights defenders can access European Union visas with guarantees, security, and predictability.
ProtectDefenders.eu and the international civil society organisations participating in this initiative are calling on all European Union actors to urgently implement all appropriate measures at all levels to develop and promote an enabling framework for human rights defenders to access visas for the EU, one that guarantees predictability, consistency, and protection for those who are most at-risk HRDs.
More specifically, ProtectDefenders.eu and the international civil society organisations participating in this initiative call on the EU stakeholders to:
- propose a specific facilitated procedure for human rights defenders within the EU Visa Code, setting common criteria and defining the elements of a facilitated procedure;
- include instructions in the EU Visa Handbook on granting facilitations to HRDs and their family members;
- work towards amending the legal instruments on visas, particularly the Visa Code,
- create an EU Directive to protect Human Rights Defenders (HRDs), outlining ways to support and protect them in accessing and staying in the EU, as well as meeting their support needs to continue their work. The Directive would provide a legal tool to grant HRDs at risk access and stay in the EU for a specified time.; and
- introduce amendments to the Temporary Protection Directive that allow temporary protection status in the EU to be granted to defenders at risk.
Furthermore, ProtectDefenders.eu and the international civil society organisations participating in this initiative call on the EU Member States to implement consistent policies and guidelines to recognise the right of human rights defenders to access visas; as well as to promote the exhaustive use of their current prerogatives to urgently guarantee access to visas for those facing severe threats and risks. In coordination with the international human rights defence community, ProtectDefenders.eu and the undersigned organisations look forward to collaborating with all EU public actors at all levels in the efforts to ensure the urgent implementation of an enabling framework for defenders to access visas in the EU.
Click here to download the joint call for an enabling EU visa framework for at-risk human rights defenders.
Navigating the updated EU Visa Code – Guidance Notes for HRDs, CSOs and Member States
In June 2024, a revised edition of the European Union (EU) Visa Code Handbook came into effect. This updated version provides detailed guidelines on accommodating the specific needs of human rights defenders within the existing provisions of the EU Visa Code. Notably, this is the first time the Handbook highlights the unique challenges faced by human rights defenders.
The Handbook for the Practical Application of the Visa Code lays down operational instructions (guidelines, best practices and recommendations) for the performance of tasks of Member States’ consular staff and staff of other authorities responsible for examining and taking decisions on visa applications, as well as tasks of staff of the authorities responsible for modifying issued visas.
The adoption of this updated Handbook has been welcomed by civil society organisations advocating for a more supportive EU Visa framework for human rights defenders. However, it is important to note that the document primarily offers guidance on how to apply existing provisions, and does not introduce new ones. It is crucial that the guidelines, best practices and recommendations are widely communicated. To this end, ProtectDefenders.eu has developed three guidance notes, aimed at ensuring that the relevant updates to the EU Visa Code Handbook are well-known and utilised by the intended targets.
- Guidance Note for Human Rights Defenders – This note is specifically tailored to human rights defenders seeking EU visas. It offers assistance in navigating the visa application process and highlights their rights, ensuring they can continue their work safely.
- Guidance Note for Civil Society Organisations – This document is intended for civil society organisations working closely with human rights defenders. It provides advice on how best to guide defenders and leverage the updated provisions to enhance their safety and security.
- Guidance Note for EU Member States, Consular Authorities, and Border Officials – This guidance is directed towards all relevant authorities responsible for issuing EU visas. It aims to support the effective implementation of the Visa Code’s existing provisions, ensuring that human rights defenders receive the protection and assistance they need throughout the visa application process.
We encourage all stakeholders to review these documents and to assist in their dissemination and practical application, creating a safer and more supportive environment for human rights defenders to continue their vital work.
This initiative is led by ProtectDefenders.eu, a Consortium of 12 NGOs active in the field of human rights:
Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)
DefendDefenders – East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders project
Euro-Mediterranean Foundation of Support to Human Rights Defenders (EMHRF)
ESCR-Net
Front Line Defenders
ILGA World
Peace Brigades International
Protection International
Reporters Without Borders
The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
The World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)
Urgent Action Fund for Women’s Human Rights (UAF)
This initiative is supported by:
AfricanDefenders
African Youths for Peace Development and Empowerment (AFRYDEV)
Agir ensemble pour les droits humains
Amnesty International
Araminta
Artist Protection Fund
Artists at Risk (AR)
Asociación Zehar-Errefuxiatuekin
Association Francophone des Commissions Nationales de promotion et de protection des Droits de l’Homme – AFCNDH
Bangladesh Institute of Human Rights (BIHR)
Board of the EU-Russia Civil Society Forum
Brot für die Welt
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Center for Applied Human Rights (CAHR), University of York
CIVICUS Alliance
Civil Rights Defenders
Comissió Catalana d’Ajuda al Refugiat (CCAR)
Committee to Protect Journalists
Defenders in Dordrecht (DiD)
Docip (Indigenous Peoples’ Center for Documentation, Research and Information)
Economize Future Environment (SEFE)
European Center for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF)
Free Press Unlimited (FPU)
Freedom House
Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR)
Hamburg Foundation for politically persecuted persons
Heinrich Böll Stiftung
Human Rights House Foundation (HRHF)
Human Rights House Tbilisi
Humanists International
Iniciativa Mesoamericana de Mujeres Defensoras de Derechos Humanos
International Arts Rights Advisors (IARA)
International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL)
International Dalit Solidarity Network (IDSN)
International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR)
International Peace Observers Network
International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
Justice & Peace
Kaani Assistance (DRC)
Mundubat
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
PEN America’s Artists at Risk Connection (ARC)
People in Need
Pen International
Plateforme Droits de l’Homme – PDH
Réseau de Défenseurs des Droits Humains de l’Afrique Centrale (REDHAC)
Right Livelihood
Scholars at Risk
Southern Africa Human Rights Defenders Network
Tbilisi Shelter City
Tournons La Page – TLP
Un Ponte Per
Unit for the protection of human rights defenders of Guatemala (UDEFEGUA)
World Barua Organization
